The Tactile Internet, also known as the Internet of Bodies (IoB), is an emerging field that aims to enable real-time physical interaction over the web. Researchers are exploring various technologies to achieve this goal, including haptic feedback systems, wearable devices, and advanced sensors. The development of Tactile Internet technologies has significant implications for various industries, including healthcare, education, and entertainment.
The use of haptic feedback technology can be used to create more realistic and engaging virtual reality experiences for patients undergoing physical therapy, while wearable devices can enable students to interact with virtual objects in a more immersive and engaging way. The development of Tactile Internet technologies is expected to have significant social and economic impacts, including creating more accessible and inclusive virtual reality experiences for people with disabilities.
The future of tactile internet research directions includes the development of advanced haptic feedback systems, wearable devices, and sensor technologies. Researchers are also exploring the use of machine learning algorithms to create more sophisticated Tactile Internet applications. The integration of these technologies has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with virtual objects and remote environments, enabling new forms of communication, collaboration, and innovation.
What Is Tactile Internet Technology
Tactile Internet Technology enables real-time physical interaction over the web, allowing users to transmit and receive tactile information through the internet. This technology relies on haptic feedback systems, which use actuators to apply forces, vibrations, or motions to the user’s skin, simulating the sense of touch. According to a study published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Haptics, haptic feedback can enhance the user experience in virtual environments by providing a more immersive and interactive experience.
The Tactile Internet Technology uses a combination of sensors, actuators, and communication protocols to transmit tactile information over the internet. Sensors detect the user’s movements and gestures, which are then transmitted to a remote server. The server processes the data and sends it back to the user’s device, where actuators convert the digital signals into physical forces or vibrations. A research paper published in the journal ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction explains that this technology has numerous applications in fields such as telemedicine, online education, and gaming.
One of the key challenges in developing Tactile Internet Technology is ensuring low latency and high-speed data transmission. According to a study published in the Journal of Lightwave Technology, the use of optical communication systems can provide high-speed data transmission rates, reducing latency and enabling real-time tactile interaction. Another challenge is providing a standardized framework for haptic feedback systems, which would enable seamless communication between different devices and platforms.
Researchers have proposed various architectures for Tactile Internet Technology, including cloud-based and peer-to-peer models. A research paper published in the journal IEEE Communications Magazine explains that cloud-based models can provide scalability and flexibility, while peer-to-peer models can offer lower latency and improved security. However, both models require careful consideration of factors such as data compression, encryption, and transmission protocols.
The development of Tactile Internet Technology has significant implications for various industries, including healthcare, education, and entertainment. According to a report published by the market research firm MarketsandMarkets, the haptic technology market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by increasing demand for immersive and interactive experiences.
Tactile Internet Technology also raises important questions about user experience, accessibility, and social interaction. A study published in the journal Human-Computer Interaction explains that haptic feedback can enhance user engagement and satisfaction, but may also raise concerns about user fatigue and accessibility for individuals with disabilities.
Low-latency Communication Requirements
Low-latency communication is crucial for the Tactile Internet, as it enables real-time physical interaction over the web. According to a study published in the IEEE Transactions on Haptics, latency should be less than 10 milliseconds to achieve a realistic haptic experience . This is because human perception of tactile feedback is highly sensitive to delay, and even small delays can cause a noticeable degradation in the quality of the interaction.
To achieve such low-latency communication, several technical requirements must be met. Firstly, the network infrastructure must support high-speed data transmission with minimal packet loss and jitter . This can be achieved through the use of dedicated networks or Quality of Service (QoS) protocols that prioritize haptic traffic. Additionally, the communication protocol used for tactile internet applications should be optimized for low-latency transmission, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which is commonly used in real-time applications.
Another critical aspect of low-latency communication for the Tactile Internet is the processing and rendering of haptic feedback. According to a study published in the ACM Transactions on Graphics, the processing delay should be less than 1 millisecond to achieve a smooth and realistic haptic experience . This requires powerful computing resources and optimized algorithms that can process and render haptic feedback in real-time.
Furthermore, the Tactile Internet also requires low-latency communication for the transmission of sensor data from the user’s device to the remote server. According to a study published in the IEEE Sensors Journal, the latency for transmitting sensor data should be less than 5 milliseconds to achieve accurate and reliable haptic feedback . This can be achieved through the use of high-speed sensors and optimized communication protocols that minimize transmission delay.
In summary, low-latency communication is essential for the Tactile Internet, requiring technical requirements such as high-speed networks, optimized communication protocols, and powerful computing resources. Meeting these requirements will enable real-time physical interaction over the web, revolutionizing applications such as telemedicine, remote education, and virtual reality.
Haptic Feedback Systems Design
Haptic feedback systems are designed to provide users with tactile sensations that simulate the sense of touch, allowing for more immersive and interactive experiences in virtual environments. The design of these systems typically involves a combination of hardware and software components, including actuators, sensors, and control algorithms (Kilteni et al., 2017). Actuators are used to generate forces or vibrations that stimulate the user’s sense of touch, while sensors detect changes in the user’s movements or interactions with virtual objects.
One key challenge in designing haptic feedback systems is ensuring that the tactile sensations provided are realistic and intuitive. To address this challenge, researchers have developed various techniques for modeling and simulating real-world textures and materials (Okamura et al., 2001). These techniques involve analyzing the physical properties of different materials, such as their friction coefficients and elasticity, and using this information to generate haptic feedback that mimics the sensations of touching or manipulating these materials.
Another important consideration in designing haptic feedback systems is latency. Latency refers to the delay between the user’s actions and the corresponding haptic feedback (Hoggan et al., 2008). High latency can disrupt the sense of immersion and presence in virtual environments, making it essential to minimize delays in the system. To achieve low latency, designers often use high-speed actuators and optimized control algorithms that can rapidly respond to changes in user input.
In addition to these technical considerations, haptic feedback systems must also be designed with usability and accessibility in mind. For example, researchers have explored the use of haptic feedback for individuals with visual or motor impairments (Kuber et al., 2018). By providing tactile sensations that complement or replace visual information, haptic feedback can enhance the user experience for individuals with disabilities.
The design of haptic feedback systems is also influenced by the specific application or context in which they will be used. For instance, in virtual reality gaming, haptic feedback may be used to simulate the sensation of holding a virtual gun or sword (Kim et al., 2018). In contrast, in medical simulation training, haptic feedback may be used to mimic the sensations of performing surgical procedures.
Real-time Control Over Web Networks
Real-Time Control Over Web Networks is a critical component of the Tactile Internet, enabling real-time physical interaction over the web. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines the Tactile Internet as “a network that combines ultra-low latency, high availability, and high-precision control to enable real-time physical interaction between humans and machines” (ITU-T Y.3010). This definition highlights the importance of real-time control in achieving seamless human-machine interaction.
The concept of real-time control over web networks is rooted in the idea of reducing latency to a minimum, allowing for instantaneous feedback and response. According to a study published in the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, “latency is a critical factor in determining the quality of service (QoS) in real-time systems” (IEEE Xplore). The authors argue that achieving low latency requires careful consideration of network architecture, protocol design, and system configuration.
One approach to achieving real-time control over web networks is through the use of edge computing. Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source, reducing the need for data to travel long distances and minimizing latency. A paper published in the Journal of Network and Computer Applications notes that “edge computing can reduce latency by up to 50% compared to traditional cloud-based approaches” (ScienceDirect). This reduction in latency enables real-time control over web networks, facilitating applications such as remote healthcare and industrial automation.
Another key aspect of real-time control over web networks is the use of standardized protocols. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed several protocols aimed at reducing latency and improving real-time communication, including the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol. According to a report by the IETF, “these protocols provide mechanisms for ensuring reliable and secure data transfer in real-time systems” (IETF).
The use of 5G networks is also expected to play a critical role in enabling real-time control over web networks. The 5G network architecture is designed to support ultra-low latency and high-bandwidth communication, making it an ideal platform for applications requiring real-time control. A study published in the Journal of Communications notes that “5G networks can achieve latency as low as 1 ms, compared to 50 ms or more in traditional 4G networks” (Hindawi). This reduction in latency enables a wide range of applications, including remote healthcare, industrial automation, and smart cities.
The development of real-time control over web networks is an ongoing area of research, with several challenges still to be addressed. According to a paper published in the IEEE Communications Magazine, “one of the key challenges is ensuring security and reliability in real-time systems” (IEEE Xplore). The authors argue that addressing these challenges will require continued innovation in areas such as protocol design, network architecture, and system configuration.
5G Network Infrastructure Role
The 5G network infrastructure plays a crucial role in enabling the Tactile Internet, which requires real-time physical interaction over the web. The 5G network’s ultra-low latency and high-speed data transfer capabilities are essential for transmitting tactile information in real-time. According to a study published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, the 5G network’s latency is expected to be as low as 1 ms, which is significantly lower than the 4G network’s latency of around 50 ms . This reduction in latency enables the transmission of tactile information in real-time, allowing for more immersive and interactive experiences.
The 5G network infrastructure also provides the necessary bandwidth and capacity to support the large amounts of data required for tactile internet applications. A study published in the Journal of Lightwave Technology estimates that the 5G network will provide a peak data rate of up to 20 Gbps, which is significantly higher than the 4G network’s peak data rate of around 1 Gbps . This increased bandwidth enables the transmission of high-definition video and audio, as well as other types of data required for tactile internet applications.
In addition to its technical capabilities, the 5G network infrastructure also provides a number of architectural features that support the tactile internet. For example, the 5G network’s edge computing architecture enables data processing and analysis to occur closer to the user, reducing latency and improving real-time responsiveness . The 5G network’s software-defined networking (SDN) architecture also enables greater flexibility and programmability, allowing for more efficient management of tactile internet traffic.
The deployment of 5G network infrastructure is also critical for supporting the widespread adoption of tactile internet applications. According to a report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the deployment of 5G networks is expected to reach 1 billion subscriptions worldwide by 2025, with many countries already having launched commercial 5G services . This widespread deployment will enable more users to access tactile internet applications and experience the benefits of real-time physical interaction over the web.
The integration of 5G network infrastructure with other technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), is also expected to play a critical role in enabling the tactile internet. According to a study published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, the integration of 5G networks with AI and IoT technologies will enable more efficient management of tactile internet traffic and improve the overall user experience .
Tactile Internet Applications Development
Tactile Internet Applications Development involves the creation of real-time physical interaction over the web, enabling users to engage with digital information in a more immersive and interactive way. This is achieved through the use of haptic feedback technology, which allows users to feel tactile sensations when interacting with virtual objects or environments (Kim et al., 2018). For instance, in a virtual reality setting, a user can wear a haptic glove that provides resistance or vibrations when they touch or manipulate virtual objects.
The development of Tactile Internet Applications requires the integration of various technologies, including sensors, actuators, and communication protocols. Sensors are used to detect the user’s movements and gestures, while actuators provide the necessary feedback to create the tactile sensations (Lee et al., 2020). Communication protocols such as TCP/IP and UDP are used to transmit data between devices in real-time, ensuring a seamless and responsive experience for the user.
One of the key challenges in developing Tactile Internet Applications is ensuring low latency and high reliability. This requires careful optimization of the system’s architecture and communication protocols (Park et al., 2019). Additionally, developers must consider issues related to security and privacy, as users may be sharing sensitive information or interacting with virtual environments that require authentication.
Tactile Internet Applications have a wide range of potential applications across various industries, including education, healthcare, and entertainment. For example, in education, tactile feedback can enhance the learning experience by providing students with a more immersive and interactive way to engage with complex concepts (Kim et al., 2018). In healthcare, tactile feedback can be used to simulate surgical procedures or provide patients with a more realistic experience during physical therapy.
The development of Tactile Internet Applications is an active area of research, with ongoing efforts to improve the technology and expand its applications. As the field continues to evolve, we can expect to see new innovations and breakthroughs that will further enhance the user experience and open up new possibilities for interaction over the web.
Human-machine Interface Evolution
The Human-Machine Interface (HMI) has undergone significant evolution in recent years, driven by advances in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT). One key area of development is the creation of more intuitive and natural interfaces, which enable humans to interact with machines in a more seamless and efficient manner. For example, the use of gesture recognition technology has become increasingly prevalent, allowing users to control devices with hand or body movements.
The development of tactile feedback systems has also been an important aspect of HMI evolution. These systems provide users with physical sensations that simulate the experience of interacting with real-world objects, enhancing the sense of immersion and engagement. For instance, haptic feedback technology is used in gaming controllers and virtual reality (VR) systems to create a more realistic and engaging user experience.
Another significant area of research and development in HMI is the creation of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). BCIs enable users to control devices with their thoughts, using electroencephalography (EEG) or other techniques to detect and interpret brain activity. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way people interact with machines, particularly for individuals with disabilities.
The integration of HMI with the Internet of Things (IoT) is also an area of growing interest. The IoT enables devices to communicate with each other and with humans in real-time, creating new opportunities for remote monitoring and control. For example, smart home systems use HMIs to enable users to control lighting, temperature, and security systems remotely.
The evolution of HMI has significant implications for a wide range of industries, including healthcare, education, and manufacturing. As HMIs become more advanced and intuitive, they are likely to play an increasingly important role in shaping the way we interact with machines and each other.
Advances in HMI technology also raise important questions about the future of human-machine interaction. For example, as machines become more intelligent and autonomous, what will be the implications for human employment and society?
Telepresence And Remote Collaboration
Telepresence and remote collaboration have become increasingly important in the modern workplace, enabling teams to work together effectively despite physical distance. The concept of telepresence involves using technology to create a sense of presence or “being there” for individuals who are not physically present in a particular location (Heldal et al., 2004). This can be achieved through various means, including video conferencing, virtual reality, and remote-controlled robots.
One key aspect of telepresence is the use of high-quality audio and video to create an immersive experience. Research has shown that high-fidelity audio and video can significantly improve communication and collaboration among team members (Krumhuber & Manstead, 2009). For example, a study published in the Journal of Applied Psychology found that teams using high-definition video conferencing systems reported higher levels of trust and cooperation compared to those using lower-quality systems.
Remote collaboration tools have also become increasingly sophisticated, enabling teams to work together on complex projects in real-time. Cloud-based platforms such as Slack and Microsoft Teams provide features like instant messaging, file sharing, and collaborative document editing (Kim et al., 2017). These tools can facilitate communication and coordination among team members, even when they are geographically dispersed.
The use of telepresence and remote collaboration technologies has also been shown to have positive effects on productivity and work-life balance. A study published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior found that employees who used telecommuting technologies reported higher levels of job satisfaction and reduced stress compared to those who did not (Golden & Veiga, 2005).
In addition to these benefits, telepresence and remote collaboration can also facilitate more inclusive and diverse workplaces. By enabling individuals with disabilities or caregiving responsibilities to participate in meetings and collaborate with colleagues remotely, organizations can promote greater diversity and inclusion (Eisenberger et al., 1986). Furthermore, the use of virtual reality technologies can provide immersive experiences that simulate real-world environments, enhancing training and education programs.
The integration of telepresence and remote collaboration technologies into the tactile internet will likely have significant implications for future work arrangements. As these technologies continue to evolve, it is essential to consider their potential impact on organizational culture, communication patterns, and employee well-being.
Cybersecurity Threats In Tactile Internet
Cybersecurity threats in the Tactile Internet pose significant risks to users, as this technology enables real-time physical interaction over the web. One of the primary concerns is the potential for unauthorized access to tactile devices, which could lead to malicious manipulation of physical objects (Kammler, 2003). For instance, an attacker could potentially hack into a tactile device connected to a robotic arm, causing unintended movements or actions that could result in harm to people or damage to property.
Another significant threat is the risk of data breaches and eavesdropping on sensitive information transmitted through the Tactile Internet (Antonelli et al., 2019). As tactile devices transmit and receive data in real-time, there is a risk that hackers could intercept this data, compromising user confidentiality and integrity. Furthermore, if an attacker gains access to a tactile device, they may be able to inject malware or other types of cyber threats into the system.
The use of haptic feedback technology in Tactile Internet applications also raises concerns about the potential for social engineering attacks (Kim et al., 2017). Haptic feedback allows users to feel tactile sensations remotely, but it could also be used to create fake sensations that trick users into revealing sensitive information or performing certain actions. For example, an attacker could use haptic feedback to simulate a “touch” on a user’s device, making them believe they are interacting with a legitimate system when in fact they are being phished.
The Tactile Internet also relies heavily on cloud computing and data storage, which creates additional cybersecurity risks (Mell & Grance, 2011). If an attacker gains access to the cloud infrastructure supporting a tactile application, they may be able to steal or manipulate sensitive user data. Moreover, if the cloud infrastructure is not properly secured, it could provide a backdoor for attackers to gain access to the entire Tactile Internet ecosystem.
To mitigate these risks, developers and users of Tactile Internet applications must prioritize robust cybersecurity measures (ISO/IEC 27001:2013). This includes implementing secure authentication protocols, encrypting data in transit and at rest, and regularly updating software and firmware to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities. Additionally, users should be educated about the potential risks associated with Tactile Internet technology and take steps to protect themselves, such as using strong passwords and being cautious when interacting with unfamiliar tactile devices.
The development of secure protocols for the Tactile Internet is an active area of research (Boucquey et al., 2019). Researchers are exploring new cryptographic techniques and security architectures that can provide end-to-end security for tactile data transmission. However, more work is needed to develop practical solutions that balance security with usability and performance.
Standardization Of Tactile Internet Protocols
The Standardization of Tactile Internet Protocols is an ongoing effort to establish common guidelines for the development of tactile internet technologies. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has been actively involved in this process, recognizing the need for standardized protocols to facilitate seamless communication between different devices and systems. According to a report by the ITU, standardization is crucial for ensuring interoperability, reliability, and security in tactile internet applications.
One of the key challenges in standardizing tactile internet protocols is the diverse range of technologies involved. Tactile internet encompasses various modalities, including haptics, kinesthetics, and thermotics, each with its unique requirements and characteristics. Researchers have proposed different architectures and frameworks to address these challenges, such as the Tactile Internet Protocol (TIP) and the Haptic Communications Protocol (HCP). These proposals aim to provide a common foundation for tactile internet communication, enabling devices from different manufacturers to interact seamlessly.
The development of standardized protocols is also driven by the need for quality of service (QoS) guarantees in tactile internet applications. QoS refers to the ability of a network to provide guaranteed levels of performance, such as latency and packet loss, which are critical for real-time haptic communication. Researchers have investigated various QoS mechanisms, including priority scheduling and traffic shaping, to ensure that tactile internet data is transmitted with sufficient quality.
Standardization efforts are also focused on ensuring security and privacy in tactile internet applications. As tactile internet devices can potentially access sensitive information about users’ physical interactions, it is essential to implement robust security measures to protect user data. Researchers have proposed various security protocols, such as encryption and authentication mechanisms, to safeguard tactile internet communication.
The standardization of tactile internet protocols is an ongoing process that requires collaboration among industry stakeholders, researchers, and standards organizations. The ITU has established a study group on tactile internet, which brings together experts from around the world to discuss standardization issues and develop common guidelines for tactile internet technologies.
Impact On Virtual Reality Experiences
The integration of tactile feedback in Virtual Reality (VR) experiences has the potential to significantly enhance user immersion and interaction. Research has shown that the inclusion of haptic feedback can increase the sense of presence in VR environments, leading to a more engaging and realistic experience (Kim et al., 2018). A study published in the Journal of Virtual Reality found that participants who received tactile feedback during a VR task performed better and reported higher levels of immersion compared to those who did not receive feedback (Banakou et al., 2013).
The impact of tactile feedback on VR experiences is also evident in the field of gaming. A study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) found that gamers who used a haptic-enabled controller reported higher levels of engagement and enjoyment compared to those who used a standard controller (Lindeman et al., 2016). Furthermore, research has shown that the inclusion of tactile feedback in VR games can also improve player performance, with one study finding that players who received haptic feedback during a game task completed it faster and more accurately than those who did not receive feedback (Hoggan et al., 2013).
In addition to its impact on gaming, tactile feedback is also being explored for its potential applications in fields such as education and healthcare. Research has shown that the use of haptic feedback in educational VR experiences can improve learning outcomes and increase student engagement (Wouters et al., 2017). In the field of healthcare, tactile feedback is being used to develop more effective training simulations for medical professionals, with one study finding that surgeons who trained using a haptic-enabled simulator performed better during actual surgeries compared to those who did not use the simulator (Seymour et al., 2002).
The development of more advanced haptic technologies is also expected to further enhance VR experiences. Research has shown that the use of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can provide more accurate and nuanced measurements of brain activity, allowing for more precise control over haptic feedback in VR environments (Liao et al., 2017). Furthermore, the development of new materials and technologies, such as electroactive polymers (EAPs), is expected to enable the creation of more advanced haptic devices that can provide a wider range of tactile sensations (Kofod et al., 2006).
The integration of tactile feedback in VR experiences also raises important questions about the potential impact on user behavior and cognition. Research has shown that the use of haptic feedback can influence user behavior, with one study finding that participants who received tactile feedback during a VR task were more likely to exhibit exploratory behavior compared to those who did not receive feedback (Bailenson et al., 2003). Furthermore, research has also raised concerns about the potential for haptic feedback to be used in ways that manipulate or deceive users, highlighting the need for careful consideration of the ethics surrounding the use of tactile feedback in VR experiences (Slater et al., 2017).
The impact of tactile feedback on VR experiences is a complex and multifaceted issue, with research continuing to uncover new insights into its effects on user behavior, cognition, and emotion. As VR technology continues to evolve, it is likely that the integration of tactile feedback will play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of immersive technologies.
Future Of Tactile Internet Research Directions
The Tactile Internet, also known as the Internet of Bodies (IoB), is an emerging field that aims to enable real-time physical interaction over the web. Researchers are exploring various technologies to achieve this goal, including haptic feedback systems, wearable devices, and advanced sensors. According to a study published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Haptics, haptic feedback technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with virtual objects (Kim et al., 2018). Another study published in the Journal of Intelligent Information Systems highlights the importance of wearable devices in enabling tactile internet applications (Lee et al., 2020).
One of the key research directions in Tactile Internet is the development of advanced haptic feedback systems. These systems aim to provide users with a realistic sense of touch when interacting with virtual objects. Researchers are exploring various techniques, including electroactive polymers, shape-memory alloys, and pneumatic systems, to create more sophisticated haptic feedback devices (Kuchenbecker et al., 2018). For instance, a study published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Robotics demonstrated the use of electroactive polymers to create a wearable haptic device that can provide realistic tactile feedback (Asamura et al., 2019).
Another important research direction is the development of wearable devices that can capture and transmit tactile information. These devices aim to enable users to feel tactile sensations when interacting with virtual objects or remote environments. Researchers are exploring various technologies, including sensors, actuators, and communication protocols, to create more advanced wearable devices (Lee et al., 2020). For example, a study published in the Journal of Intelligent Information Systems demonstrated the use of wearable sensors to capture and transmit tactile information in real-time (Kim et al., 2019).
The Tactile Internet also has significant implications for various industries, including healthcare, education, and entertainment. For instance, haptic feedback technology can be used to create more realistic and engaging virtual reality experiences for patients undergoing physical therapy (Kuchenbecker et al., 2018). Similarly, wearable devices can be used to enable students to interact with virtual objects in a more immersive and engaging way (Lee et al., 2020).
Researchers are also exploring the use of advanced sensors and machine learning algorithms to create more sophisticated Tactile Internet applications. For example, a study published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems demonstrated the use of deep learning algorithms to recognize and classify tactile patterns (Liu et al., 2020). Another study published in the Journal of Intelligent Information Systems highlighted the importance of sensor fusion techniques in creating more accurate and reliable Tactile Internet applications (Kim et al., 2019).
The development of Tactile Internet technologies is expected to have significant social and economic impacts. For instance, haptic feedback technology can be used to create more accessible and inclusive virtual reality experiences for people with disabilities (Kuchenbecker et al., 2018). Similarly, wearable devices can be used to enable remote workers to interact with virtual objects in a more immersive and engaging way (Lee et al., 2020).
