During a two-day conference held at the Royal Institution in London on November 5-6, 2025, experts convened to assess advancements in quantum science and technology as part of the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology. The event, organized by the History of Physics group, featured discussions led by Muhammad Hamza Waseem (Quantinuum), Sarah Malik (University College London), Mehul Malik (Heriot-Watt University), and Nicole Gillett (Riverlane). Presentations highlighted the progression from foundational “quantum 1.0” technologies—like lasers and semiconductors—to emerging “quantum 2.0” applications in computing, sensing, and communication, marking a century since Werner Heisenberg’s development of quantum mechanics. This gathering underscored the growing commercial viability and practical ramifications of these advancements.
Quantum Foundations and Historical Development
Quantum mechanics, born from the work of physicists like Werner Heisenberg in 1925, fundamentally reshaped our understanding of the subatomic world. Prior to its development, descriptions of reality at that scale were considered a “lamentable hodgepodge.” However, over the last century, quantum theory has proven remarkably successful and logically consistent, underpinning technologies like lasers and semiconductors—what’s now referred to as “quantum 1.0.” Recent events highlight a surge into “quantum 2.0”, leveraging concepts like entanglement and superposition.
Current discussion centers on foundational questions—does the quantum wavefunction fully describe reality? Debates at events like the Royal Institution conference explored this, with some physicists suggesting the boundary between classical and quantum worlds isn’t fixed, but dependent on available resources and ingenuity. This isn’t merely philosophical; understanding these limits is crucial for building practical quantum technologies—like quantum computers—and pushing the boundaries of what’s achievable.
The UK, and other nations, are now actively building a “quantum ecosystem,” focusing on developing a skilled workforce and attracting investment. Experts emphasize the need to communicate quantum concepts effectively—not just to scientists, but to industry leaders and policymakers. The burgeoning quantum sector demands a “skills pipeline” to meet its needs, emphasizing that sustained progress requires bridging the gap between research, industrial application, and public understanding.
The Rise of Quantum Technology & Industry
The “quantum 2.0” revolution is demonstrably underway, building upon the foundations of technologies like lasers and semiconductors established over the last century. Recent events, including the 10th annual UK National Quantum Technologies Showcase, featured over 100 exhibitors and 3000+ delegates, signaling significant industry momentum. Companies are now actively utilizing quantum principles—like entanglement and superposition—to advance fields such as quantum computing, sensing, and secure communication, moving beyond theoretical research towards practical applications.
A key focus within this rising industry is bridging the gap between fundamental research and a skilled workforce. Discussions at events hosted by the Institute of Physics highlighted the urgent need for a robust “skills pipeline” to meet growing demand. Beyond talent acquisition, effective communication about quantum technology—to both the public and key stakeholders like venture capitalists—is critical for continued investment and broader adoption. The UK currently holds a leading position in quantum tech and aims to maintain that edge.
Decoherence—the loss of quantum properties—remains a fundamental challenge. Physicists debate whether it represents a fixed boundary between the quantum and classical worlds, or if it’s a limit determined by available resources and ingenuity. This highlights that progress isn’t solely about technical breakthroughs, but also about sustained investment and dedicated research to push the boundaries of what’s possible with quantum systems, improving coherence times and scaling up quantum devices.
Key Discussions on Quantum Challenges & Skills
Recent discussions at the Royal Institution and Innovate UK’s National Quantum Technologies Showcase highlighted the rapid evolution of quantum technology – moving beyond foundational research into tangible applications. Over 3,000 delegates attended the showcase, demonstrating significant industry interest in areas like quantum computing, sensing, and communication. These events, marking the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, underscore the shift from exploring quantum phenomena to harnessing entanglement and superposition for practical technologies.
A key concern raised during the Royal Institution conference centered on building a robust “skills pipeline” to support the expanding quantum sector. Experts emphasized the need for trained personnel to meet growing demands. Beyond technical expertise, effective communication – bridging the gap between scientists, policymakers, and investors – was identified as crucial. The UK currently leads in quantum tech, and maintaining this position requires proactive investment in both education and public understanding.
Discussions also touched upon fundamental questions regarding the boundary between classical and quantum worlds. Physicists debated whether the quantum wavefunction provides a complete description of reality, acknowledging that the limits of decoherence are not fixed but tied to available resources. This suggests that continued investment in research, alongside engineering advancements, will ultimately define the scope and capabilities of future quantum technologies, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible.
Public Engagement and Future Quantum Leaders
The recent International Year of Quantum Science and Technology culminated in events highlighting both progress and future needs. A key takeaway from conferences at the Royal Institution and Innovate UK’s showcase was the burgeoning “quantum 2.0” revolution. Over 3,000 delegates explored technologies leveraging quantum phenomena like entanglement and superposition, driving fields such as quantum computing and sensing. This demonstrates a shift from foundational research—like the initial development of quantum mechanics in 1925—to practical applications with tangible commercial potential.
A critical focus throughout these events was building a sustainable “skills pipeline” for the quantum sector. Panels featuring emerging leaders from universities (Heriot-Watt, UCL) and industry (Riverlane, Quantinuum) stressed the importance of developing a talented workforce. Alongside technical advancements, effective communication—to the public, industry, and investors—is vital. The UK currently leads in quantum tech, but maintaining this position requires proactive investment in both education and outreach initiatives.
Beyond workforce development, discussions explored the very nature of quantum reality. Physicists debated whether the quantum wavefunction fully describes physical systems and the boundary between classical and quantum worlds. Peter Knight noted this boundary isn’t fixed but dependent on available resources—funding, ingenuity, and time. This emphasizes that fundamental research and continued investment are crucial, not only for theoretical understanding but also for pushing the limits of quantum technology.
