Authentication in Entanglement-Based Protocols: Enhancing Security with PUFs and Non-Local States

On April 15, 2025, researchers Suchetana Goswami, Mina Doosti, and Elham Kashefi published Hybrid Authentication Protocols for Advanced Quantum Networks, introducing a novel approach that integrates Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) with non-local quantum states to enhance security in entanglement-based networks.

The research introduces two entanglement-based authentication protocols for secure networks. The offline protocol uses pre-distributed entangled states and minimal classical communication, enabling server-client authentication anytime. The online protocol requires entangled state generation on the prover side but minimizes communication.

Both protocols leverage weakly secure classical PUFs combined with non-local quantum properties like local indistinguishability to achieve exponential security in a single round. A novel hardware module, HEPUF, is introduced for practical implementation. These protocols provide a flexible and provably secure solution for authentication challenges in entanglement-enabled networks, particularly suitable for photonics-based platforms.

In the realm of quantum computing, distinguishing between quantum states is fundamental to secure communication. This capability underpins advancements such as information locking and authentication, which are crucial for protecting data integrity.

The journey begins with Carl W. Helstrom’s foundational work in 1969 on quantum detection theory. His research established methods for distinguishing non-orthogonal quantum states, a concept later expanded by Ivanovic in 1987. Ivanovic demonstrated that while these states couldn’t be perfectly distinguished, strategies could optimize the process. Building on this, Peres and Terno in 1998 focused on achieving optimal distinction between non-orthogonal states, balancing error minimization with information extraction efficiency.

Recent advancements have applied these theories to practical security solutions. Goswami and Halder’s 2023 study exemplifies this transition, exploring how quantum states can be efficiently utilized for secure data storage and communication, ensuring authorized access only.

Despite progress, challenges remain in securing quantum communication channels. Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) offer unique identifiers resistant to duplication, but vulnerabilities like man-in-the-middle attacks on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), as highlighted by Fei et al., underscore the need for robust authentication mechanisms.

The evolution from Helstrom’s foundational detection theory to Goswami and Halder’s application in information locking signifies significant progress. These advancements enhance secure communication while addressing critical security challenges, paving the way for future innovations. As research continues, the interplay between theoretical insights and practical applications will remain crucial in shaping quantum-based security systems.