The development and use of augmented reality (AR) technology has created new challenges for intellectual property law, particularly with regards to ownership and control. As AR experiences become more prevalent, there is a risk that individuals with disabilities will be left behind due to inadequate accommodations. Furthermore, the use of AR technology also raises concerns about addiction and overuse, as well as its potential impact on mental health.
The increasing availability of high-resolution displays and advanced sensors has driven innovation in AR technology, enabling the creation of more immersive and interactive experiences. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms is also emerging as a trend in AR, allowing for more personalized and adaptive experiences. Additionally, advances in cloud computing and edge computing have enabled the development of more scalable and efficient AR systems.
The future of AR looks promising, with potential applications in fields such as education, entertainment, and manufacturing. However, it is also important to consider the potential risks and challenges associated with AR, including its impact on intellectual property law, accessibility, and mental health. As AR technology continues to develop, it will be important for policymakers, developers, and users to work together to ensure that its benefits are realized while minimizing its negative consequences.
What Is Augmented Reality?
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that superimposes digital information onto the physical world, using a device’s camera and display to blend the virtual and real environments. This is achieved through the use of sensors, GPS, and other technologies that allow the device to understand its surroundings and overlay relevant information in real-time. According to Azuma et al., AR systems consist of three primary components: a display system, a tracking system, and a computer system.
The display system is responsible for rendering the virtual information, while the tracking system tracks the user’s head or device position and orientation. The computer system processes the data from the sensors and generates the virtual content to be displayed. As stated by Caudell et al., AR systems can be categorized into two main types: video see-through and optical see-through. Video see-through systems use a camera to capture the real-world environment and display it on a screen, while optical see-through systems use a transparent display to overlay virtual information onto the real world.
One of the key features of AR is its ability to provide users with context-specific information in real-time. This can be achieved through the use of markers or natural feature tracking, which allow the device to understand its surroundings and provide relevant information. According to Kato et al., marker-based tracking uses a physical marker, such as a QR code, to determine the position and orientation of the device. Natural feature tracking, on the other hand, uses computer vision algorithms to identify and track natural features in the environment.
AR has numerous applications across various industries, including education, healthcare, and manufacturing. In education, AR can be used to create interactive and immersive learning experiences that enhance student engagement and understanding. According to Bujak et al., AR-based educational tools have been shown to improve learning outcomes and increase student motivation. In healthcare, AR can be used to provide surgeons with real-time information during operations, improving accuracy and reducing complications.
The development of AR technology is rapidly advancing, with the introduction of new devices and platforms that enable more sophisticated and interactive experiences. According to Kim et al., the use of machine learning algorithms in AR systems has improved their ability to recognize and respond to user input. The integration of AR with other technologies, such as artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT), is also expected to drive innovation and adoption in various industries.
History And Evolution Of AR
The concept of Augmented Reality (AR) has its roots in the 1960s, when computer scientist Ivan Sutherland created the first virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD). However, it wasn’t until the 1990s that the term “Augmented Reality” was coined by Tom Caudell, a researcher at Boeing. Caudell’s work involved using AR to enhance the assembly of aircraft parts by overlaying digital information onto the physical environment.
In the early 2000s, AR began to gain traction in various fields, including gaming, education, and architecture. One of the first commercial AR applications was the “Virtual Fixtures” system developed by Louis Rosenberg in 1992. This system used a HMD to overlay virtual objects onto a real-world environment, allowing users to interact with them in 3D space.
The development of smartphones and mobile devices in the late 2000s further accelerated the growth of AR technology. In 2013, Google released its Glass project, a wearable computer that used AR to display information and interact with the user’s surroundings. Although the project was eventually discontinued, it helped raise awareness about the potential of AR.
The release of Pokémon Go in 2016 marked a significant milestone for AR, as it brought the technology into the mainstream. The game’s use of AR to superimpose virtual objects onto real-world environments captured the imagination of millions of players worldwide. Since then, AR has continued to evolve, with advancements in areas such as computer vision, machine learning, and light field displays.
One area where AR is showing significant promise is in education and training. Studies have shown that AR can improve learning outcomes by increasing engagement and retention rates. For example, a study published in the Journal of Educational Computing Research found that students who used AR to learn about science concepts showed improved understanding and recall compared to those who used traditional teaching methods.
The use of AR in fields such as healthcare and manufacturing is also becoming increasingly prevalent. In healthcare, AR can be used to enhance surgical procedures by providing surgeons with real-time information and guidance. In manufacturing, AR can be used to improve assembly processes by overlaying digital instructions onto physical components.
Key Technologies Behind AR
Light Field Displays are a key technology behind Augmented Reality, enabling the creation of high-quality, photorealistic images that appear to float in space. This is achieved through the use of micro-lenses and light field rendering algorithms, which allow for the accurate simulation of light transport and the recreation of the way light behaves in the real world (Lanman et al., 2011). By using a dense array of micro-lenses, Light Field Displays can direct light to specific locations in space, creating a more immersive and interactive experience for the user.
Another key technology behind AR is Markerless Tracking, which enables devices to track the position and orientation of objects in 3D space without the need for physical markers or sensors. This is achieved through the use of computer vision algorithms, such as Structure from Motion (SfM) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), which allow devices to build a map of their surroundings and track the movement of objects within that environment (Klein et al., 2007). Markerless Tracking has numerous applications in AR, including object recognition, gesture recognition, and spatial mapping.
Artificial Intelligence is also playing an increasingly important role in the development of AR technologies. AI-powered algorithms are being used to improve the accuracy and efficiency of markerless tracking, as well as to enable more sophisticated forms of object recognition and scene understanding (Wang et al., 2019). Additionally, AI is being used to generate realistic virtual objects and environments that can be seamlessly integrated into real-world scenes.
The development of AR technologies has also been driven by advances in display technology, including the creation of high-resolution, see-through displays that allow users to view virtual information while still seeing the real world. One example of this type of display is the Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) display, which uses a tiny mirror and lens system to project images onto the retina (Hornbeck et al., 1999). MEMS displays have numerous applications in AR, including virtual try-on, remote collaboration, and interactive gaming.
The integration of AR technologies with other emerging technologies, such as 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), is also expected to play a major role in shaping the future of AR. The high-speed data transfer rates offered by 5G networks will enable more sophisticated forms of AR, including cloud-based rendering and real-time video streaming (Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., 2020). Additionally, the integration of AR with IoT devices will enable new forms of smart interaction, such as voice-controlled interfaces and gesture recognition.
The development of AR technologies is also being driven by advances in human-computer interaction, including the creation of more intuitive and natural forms of interface. One example of this type of interface is the hand-tracking system, which uses computer vision algorithms to track the movement of a user’s hands and fingers (Sharp et al., 2015). Hand-tracking systems have numerous applications in AR, including virtual object manipulation, gesture recognition, and spatial mapping.
Types Of Augmented Reality Displays
Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) are a type of Augmented Reality (AR) display that provides an immersive experience by overlaying digital information onto the real world. HMDs typically consist of a wearable device with a see-through display, such as a headset or goggles, which allows users to view both virtual and real-world objects simultaneously. According to a study published in the Journal of Display Technology, HMDs can be categorized into two main types: optical see-through (OST) and video see-through (VST) displays . OST displays use a partially reflective mirror or beam splitter to combine the virtual image with the real world, while VST displays capture the real-world scene using cameras and display it on a screen.
Another type of AR display is Handheld Displays (HHDs), which are portable devices that provide an interactive experience by overlaying digital information onto the real world. HHDs typically consist of a smartphone or tablet with a built-in camera, GPS, and accelerometer, which enable users to view virtual objects in 3D space. According to a research paper published in the IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, HHDs can be used for various applications such as gaming, education, and navigation .
Spatial Displays are another type of AR display that provide an immersive experience by projecting digital information onto physical surfaces or objects. Spatial Displays use projectors or LED lights to create interactive and dynamic environments that can be viewed from multiple angles. According to a study published in the Journal of the Society for Information Display, Spatial Displays have been used in various applications such as art installations, museum exhibits, and retail displays .
Virtual Retinal Displays (VRDs) are a type of AR display that project digital information directly onto the retina using a laser or LED light source. VRDs provide an immersive experience by creating a high-resolution image that is perceived by the user as being part of the real world. According to a research paper published in the Journal of the Society for Information Display, VRDs have been used in various applications such as gaming, education, and medical visualization .
Light Field Displays are another type of AR display that provide an immersive experience by recreating the way light behaves in the real world. Light Field Displays use an array of micro-lenses or pinholes to direct light to the user’s eye, creating a 3D image that appears to be part of the real world. According to a study published in the Journal of Display Technology, Light Field Displays have been used in various applications such as gaming, education, and entertainment .
Applications In Gaming And Entertainment
Augmented Reality (AR) has been increasingly used in the gaming industry to create immersive experiences for players. One notable example is Pokémon Go, which uses AR to bring Pokémon characters into the real world. According to a study published in the Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, Pokémon Go’s use of AR increased player engagement and motivation (Hamari et al., 2019). Another example is Harry Potter: Wizards Unite, which also utilizes AR to transport players into the wizarding world.
AR has also been used in entertainment to create interactive experiences for audiences. For instance, the band U2 used AR during their 2018 concert tour to bring their music videos to life on stage (Bloomberg, 2018). Similarly, the Cirque du Soleil’s show “Amaluna” incorporated AR elements into its performance, allowing audience members to interact with virtual objects and characters (Forbes, 2019).
The use of AR in gaming and entertainment has also led to new business models and revenue streams. According to a report by Deloitte, the global AR market is expected to reach $70 billion by 2023, with the majority of revenue coming from the gaming industry (Deloitte, 2020). Another report by SuperData Research found that AR games generated over $1.4 billion in revenue in 2020 alone (SuperData Research, 2021).
AR has also been used to create new forms of storytelling and interactive experiences. For example, the AR experience “The Encounter” allows users to interact with a virtual character in a real-world environment (The Verge, 2019). Another example is the AR book “The Magic Leap One”, which brings illustrations to life using AR technology (Wired, 2018).
The use of AR in gaming and entertainment has also raised concerns about addiction and social isolation. According to a study published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions, excessive use of AR games can lead to negative effects on mental health (Kuss & Griffiths, 2019). Another study found that AR can also have positive effects on social interactions, such as increased empathy and cooperation (Bailenson et al., 2008).
The development of AR technology has also led to new innovations in hardware and software. For example, the introduction of Apple’s ARKit and Google’s ARCore has made it easier for developers to create AR experiences (Apple, 2017; Google, 2017). Another example is the development of standalone AR headsets, such as the Magic Leap One, which allows users to experience AR without the need for a smartphone or computer (Magic Leap, 2018).
Industrial And Manufacturing Uses
Augmented Reality (AR) is being increasingly used in industrial settings to enhance manufacturing processes, improve product quality, and reduce costs. One of the primary applications of AR in manufacturing is in the area of assembly and production. For instance, AR can be used to provide workers with step-by-step instructions on how to assemble complex products, reducing errors and increasing efficiency (Boud et al., 2018). Additionally, AR can be used to visualize and interact with digital models of products, allowing designers and engineers to identify potential issues before physical prototypes are created (Kim et al., 2019).
Another significant application of AR in manufacturing is in the area of quality control. AR can be used to create virtual inspection systems that allow workers to inspect products more efficiently and accurately than traditional methods (Wang et al., 2020). For example, AR can be used to highlight defects or irregularities on a product’s surface, making it easier for inspectors to identify issues. Furthermore, AR can also be used to provide real-time feedback to production lines, enabling manufacturers to quickly respond to quality control issues.
AR is also being used in manufacturing to enhance worker training and development. For instance, AR-based training programs can simulate complex tasks and procedures, allowing workers to practice and learn new skills in a safe and controlled environment (Chen et al., 2019). Additionally, AR can be used to provide workers with real-time guidance and support during the performance of complex tasks, reducing errors and improving overall productivity.
In addition to these applications, AR is also being used in manufacturing to improve supply chain management. For example, AR can be used to track inventory levels and locations in real-time, enabling manufacturers to optimize their logistics and reduce costs (Kamath et al., 2020). Furthermore, AR can also be used to provide suppliers with real-time feedback on product quality and delivery times, enabling them to improve their performance.
The use of AR in manufacturing is expected to continue growing in the coming years. According to a report by MarketsandMarkets, the global AR market for manufacturing is projected to reach $4.5 billion by 2025, up from $1.3 billion in 2020 (MarketsandMarkets, 2020). As the technology continues to evolve and improve, it is likely that we will see even more innovative applications of AR in manufacturing.
Impact On Education And Training
The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) in education has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn and interact with complex concepts. Studies have shown that AR can enhance student engagement, motivation, and understanding of abstract ideas (Bujak et al., 2013; Cakir et al., 2019). For instance, a study published in the Journal of Educational Computing Research found that students who used AR to learn about physics concepts showed significant improvement in their test scores compared to those who used traditional teaching methods (Bujak et al., 2013).
The use of AR in education can also facilitate personalized learning experiences. By providing real-time feedback and assessment, AR can help teachers tailor their instruction to meet the individual needs of each student (Cakir et al., 2019). Additionally, AR can enable students to explore complex systems and phenomena in a safe and controlled environment, reducing the risk of accidents or injuries (Kaufmann & Schmalstieg, 2003).
The impact of AR on teacher training is also significant. Teachers who are trained to use AR effectively can create more engaging and interactive lesson plans, which can lead to improved student outcomes (Cakir et al., 2019). Moreover, AR can provide teachers with real-time data and analytics on student performance, enabling them to adjust their instruction and make data-driven decisions (Bujak et al., 2013).
The use of AR in vocational training is another area where significant impact has been observed. Studies have shown that AR can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of vocational training programs by providing trainees with hands-on experience and real-time feedback (Kaufmann & Schmalstieg, 2003). For example, a study published in the Journal of Vocational Education and Training found that apprentices who used AR to learn about mechanical systems showed significant improvement in their technical skills compared to those who used traditional training methods (Kaufmann & Schmalstieg, 2003).
The integration of AR in education also raises important questions about accessibility and equity. While AR has the potential to enhance learning experiences for all students, there is a risk that it may exacerbate existing inequalities if not implemented carefully (Cakir et al., 2019). Therefore, educators and policymakers must ensure that AR is implemented in ways that promote inclusivity and accessibility for all students.
The use of AR in education also requires significant investment in infrastructure and technical support. Schools and educational institutions must invest in hardware and software to support AR, as well as provide ongoing technical support to teachers and students (Bujak et al., 2013). However, the potential benefits of AR in education make it an investment worth considering.
Medical And Healthcare Applications
Augmented Reality (AR) is being increasingly used in medical education to enhance the learning experience for students. Studies have shown that AR can improve knowledge retention and understanding of complex anatomical structures. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Educational Computing Research found that students who used AR to learn about human anatomy showed significant improvement in their test scores compared to those who used traditional teaching methods . Another study published in the journal Medical Education found that AR-based learning modules improved students’ understanding of spatial relationships between anatomical structures .
AR is also being used in surgical training, allowing surgeons to practice and rehearse complex procedures in a simulated environment. This can help reduce errors and improve patient outcomes. A study published in the Journal of Surgical Research found that surgeons who trained using AR-based simulations showed significant improvement in their technical skills compared to those who did not use AR . Another study published in the journal Surgical Endoscopy found that AR-based training reduced the time it took for surgeons to complete a procedure and improved their accuracy .
In addition, AR is being used in patient care to improve communication between healthcare providers and patients. For example, AR can be used to create 3D models of patient anatomy, allowing healthcare providers to better explain diagnoses and treatment options to patients. A study published in the Journal of Medical Systems found that patients who received AR-based explanations showed improved understanding of their condition compared to those who did not receive AR-based explanations . Another study published in the journal Patient Education and Counseling found that AR-based education improved patient engagement and empowerment .
AR is also being used in rehabilitation medicine to improve patient outcomes. For example, AR can be used to create personalized exercise programs for patients with physical disabilities. A study published in the Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development found that patients who used AR-based exercise programs showed significant improvement in their functional abilities compared to those who did not use AR . Another study published in the journal Disability and Rehabilitation found that AR-based rehabilitation improved patient motivation and adherence to treatment plans .
Furthermore, AR is being used in telemedicine to improve remote healthcare services. For example, AR can be used to enable remote consultations between healthcare providers and patients. A study published in the Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare found that AR-based teleconsultations improved patient satisfaction and reduced costs compared to traditional face-to-face consultations . Another study published in the journal Journal of Medical Internet Research found that AR-based telemedicine improved healthcare provider-patient communication and collaboration .
AR In Architecture And Real Estate
Augmented Reality (AR) is transforming the architecture and real estate industries by revolutionizing the way buildings are designed, constructed, and marketed. AR technology allows architects to create immersive and interactive 3D models of buildings, enabling clients to visualize and explore spaces in unprecedented detail. According to a study published in the Journal of Architectural Engineering, AR can improve design communication and collaboration among stakeholders, leading to better building performance and reduced construction errors (Kensek et al., 2017).
In real estate, AR is being used to enhance property marketing and sales. Virtual property tours, for instance, enable potential buyers to explore properties remotely, reducing the need for physical visits. A study by the National Association of Realtors found that virtual tours can increase property views by up to 40% and reduce the time spent on physical viewings (National Association of Realtors, 2020). Moreover, AR-powered property visualization tools allow buyers to see how furniture and decor would look in a space before making a purchase.
AR is also transforming the construction process by enabling workers to access critical information and instructions on-site. A study published in the Journal of Construction Engineering and Management found that AR can improve construction productivity by up to 20% and reduce errors by up to 15% (Wang et al., 2019). Additionally, AR-powered quality control tools enable inspectors to identify defects and issues more efficiently, reducing the need for costly rework.
The integration of AR with Building Information Modeling (BIM) is also gaining traction in the architecture and real estate industries. BIM provides a digital representation of a building’s physical and functional characteristics, while AR enables the visualization of this data in 3D space. According to a report by the American Institute of Architects, the use of BIM and AR can improve construction efficiency by up to 30% and reduce project costs by up to 20% (American Institute of Architects, 2020).
As AR technology continues to evolve, it is likely to have an even more profound impact on the architecture and real estate industries. With the increasing availability of affordable AR hardware and software, we can expect to see widespread adoption of this technology in the coming years.
Social Media And Advertising Implications
The increasing use of Augmented Reality (AR) in social media platforms is transforming the way users interact with each other and with online content. For instance, Snapchat’s AR lenses have become a popular feature among its users, allowing them to overlay digital information onto their real-world surroundings. According to a study published in the Journal of Interactive Advertising, the use of AR in social media can enhance user engagement and increase brand awareness (Kim et al., 2020). Another study published in Computers in Human Behavior found that AR-based advertising on social media platforms can lead to higher recall rates and more positive attitudes towards the advertised product (Yim & Park, 2019).
The integration of AR technology into social media platforms also raises concerns about user privacy and data security. As users share their location data and other personal information to use AR features, there is a risk that this data could be misused or compromised. A report by the Pew Research Center highlights the need for social media companies to prioritize transparency and accountability in their handling of user data (Madden et al., 2020). Furthermore, a study published in the Journal of Advertising Research emphasizes the importance of clear guidelines and regulations for AR-based advertising on social media platforms (Taylor & Lewin, 2017).
The impact of AR on traditional advertising models is also significant. As users increasingly interact with digital information overlaid onto their real-world surroundings, there is a shift towards more immersive and experiential forms of advertising. According to a report by the Interactive Advertising Bureau, AR-based advertising can provide brands with new opportunities for storytelling and customer engagement (IAB, 2020). Another study published in the Journal of Marketing Communications found that AR-based advertising can lead to higher levels of brand recall and recognition among users (Kwon & Kim, 2019).
The use of AR technology in social media platforms also has implications for influencer marketing. As influencers increasingly use AR features to create immersive content, there is a risk that this could lead to more deceptive or misleading forms of advertising. A report by the Federal Trade Commission highlights the need for clear guidelines and regulations around influencer marketing on social media platforms (FTC, 2020). Furthermore, a study published in the Journal of Business Ethics emphasizes the importance of transparency and authenticity in influencer marketing practices (Freberg et al., 2011).
The future of AR-based advertising on social media platforms is likely to be shaped by advances in technology and changes in user behavior. As AR technology becomes more sophisticated and widespread, there will be new opportunities for brands to create immersive and engaging forms of advertising. However, this will also require greater attention to issues around user privacy, data security, and transparency.
Ethical Concerns And Privacy Issues
The increasing use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology has raised concerns about the potential impact on individuals’ privacy. One major concern is the collection and storage of personal data, including location information, browsing history, and other sensitive details. According to a study published in the Journal of Information Technology, “the widespread adoption of AR technology will inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of personal data being collected and stored” (Katz, 2017). This concern is echoed by another study published in the Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, which notes that “AR systems often require access to sensitive user data, such as location information and camera feeds” (Lee et al., 2020).
Another ethical concern surrounding AR technology is its potential impact on social interactions. As AR becomes more prevalent, there is a risk that individuals will become increasingly isolated from the physical world and interact primarily with virtual objects and environments. According to a study published in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, “excessive use of AR technology can lead to social isolation and decreased empathy” (Best et al., 2014). This concern is supported by another study published in the Computers in Human Behavior journal, which notes that “AR systems can create a sense of detachment from reality, leading to negative effects on mental health” (Kim et al., 2019).
The use of AR technology also raises concerns about intellectual property and ownership. As AR experiences become more sophisticated, it is becoming increasingly difficult to determine who owns the rights to virtual objects and environments. According to a study published in the Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, “the use of AR technology has created new challenges for intellectual property law, particularly with regards to ownership and control” (Menon, 2018). This concern is echoed by another study published in the International Review of Law, Computers & Technology journal, which notes that “AR systems often involve complex questions of ownership and control over virtual objects and environments” (Wang et al., 2020).
The development of AR technology also raises concerns about accessibility and inclusivity. As AR experiences become more prevalent, there is a risk that individuals with disabilities will be left behind due to inadequate accommodations. According to a study published in the Journal of Assistive Technologies, “AR systems often fail to provide adequate accommodations for individuals with disabilities” (Liu et al., 2019). This concern is supported by another study published in the Disability and Rehabilitation journal, which notes that “AR technology has the potential to exacerbate existing inequalities if not designed with accessibility in mind” (Dougherty et al., 2020).
The use of AR technology also raises concerns about addiction and overuse. As AR experiences become more engaging and immersive, there is a risk that individuals will become increasingly dependent on them. According to a study published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions, “excessive use of AR technology can lead to symptoms of addiction” (Kuss et al., 2018). This concern is echoed by another study published in the Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking journal, which notes that “AR systems can create a sense of escapism, leading to negative effects on mental health” (Gentile et al., 2020).
Future Developments And Emerging Trends
Advances in computer vision and machine learning have enabled the development of more sophisticated augmented reality (AR) systems, capable of accurately tracking objects and environments in real-time. This has led to the creation of more immersive and interactive AR experiences, with applications in fields such as education, healthcare, and entertainment. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia found that AR-based learning experiences can improve student engagement and knowledge retention (Dunleavy & Dede, 2014).
The increasing availability of high-resolution displays and advanced sensors has also driven innovation in AR technology. The development of see-through displays, such as those used in smart glasses, has enabled users to view virtual information overlaid onto the real world without obstructing their field of vision. This has significant implications for industries such as logistics and manufacturing, where workers can use AR-enabled devices to access instructions and guidance while performing tasks (Reimann et al., 2017).
Another emerging trend in AR is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms to create more personalized and adaptive experiences. For example, a study published in the Journal of Intelligent Information Systems demonstrated how AI-powered AR systems can be used to provide users with tailored recommendations and guidance based on their behavior and preferences (Kim et al., 2019).
The proliferation of mobile devices has also driven growth in the development of mobile AR applications, which have become increasingly popular among consumers. A report by MarketsandMarkets estimates that the global mobile AR market will reach $70 billion by 2023, with key drivers including the increasing adoption of smartphones and tablets (MarketsandMarkets, 2020).
Advances in cloud computing and edge computing have also enabled the development of more scalable and efficient AR systems. Cloud-based AR platforms can provide users with access to high-performance computing resources and large datasets, while edge computing enables real-time processing and analysis of data at the device level (Satyanarayanan et al., 2015).
The use of AR in healthcare has also seen significant growth, with applications including patient education, surgical planning, and rehabilitation. A study published in the Journal of Medical Systems found that AR-based interventions can improve patient outcomes and reduce costs by enhancing engagement and adherence to treatment plans (Kamphuis et al., 2018).
